ABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Essential oils can serve as novel sources of antibiotics for multidrug-resistant bacteria. METHODS: The multidrug-resistance profile of a Klebsiella aerogenes strain was assessed by PCR and sequencing. The antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil (CCeo) against K. aerogenes was assessed by broth microdilution and time-kill methods. RESULTS: K. aerogenes showed high antibiotic resistance. The genes bla KPC-2, ampC, bla CTX-M-15, bla OXA-1, and bla TEM were present. CCeo exhibited an inhibitory effect with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 17.57 μg/mL. CONCLUSIONS: The antibacterial activity of CCeo makes it a potential candidate for treating carbapenem- and polymyxin-resistant K. aerogenes strains.
Subject(s)
Humans , Klebsiella Infections/drug therapy , Enterobacter aerogenes , Cinnamomum aromaticum , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , beta-Lactamases , Oils, Volatile , Carbapenems , Polymyxins , Klebsiella pneumoniaeABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: Plant products are sources for drug development against multidrug resistant bacteria. METHODS The antimicrobial activity of Origanum vulgare L. essential oil (OVeo) against carbapenem-resistant strains was assessed by disk-diffusion, microdilution (REMA-Resazurin Microtiter Assay), and time kill assays. RESULTS Carbapenemase production was confirmed for all strains. OVeo exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.059% v/v for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens, and of 0.015 % v/v for Acinetobacter baumannii. A decrease in cell count was observed after a 4 h treatment. CONCLUSIONS OVeo antimicrobial effect was rapid and consistent, making it a candidate for developing alternative therapeutic options against carbapenem-resistant strains.
Subject(s)
Humans , Serratia marcescens/drug effects , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Acinetobacter baumannii/drug effects , Origanum/chemistry , Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects , Klebsiella pneumoniae/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Serratia marcescens/growth & development , Bacterial Proteins , beta-Lactamases , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial , Acinetobacter baumannii/growth & development , Gram-Negative Bacteria/growth & development , Klebsiella pneumoniae/growth & development , Anti-Bacterial Agents/classificationABSTRACT
A injúria crônica do enxerto (ICE) é também conhecida como nefropatia crônica do enxerto ou rejeição crônica e possui vários fatores em sua gênese. Os fatores relacionados a esta condição podem ser divididos em imunológicos e não-imunológicos, podendo surgir a qualquer momento após o transplante. Considerando que ainda não houve melhorias significativas nas taxas de sobrevida de enxertos renais a longo-prazo, e que muitos dos transplantados acometidos pela ICE não têm ciência de seus fatores desencadeantes, é importante que se tenha maior conhecimento do processo como um todo. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar, por meio de levantamento bibliográfico, os fatores relacionados à injúria crônica do enxerto, suas incidências em transplantados renais e suas possíveis procedências. A pesquisa realizada levou em consideração todos os fatores associados à injúria crônica do enxerto que haviam sido analisados em outros estudos e que possuíam, portanto, alguma relação com esta patologia. Dentre os fatores de risco relacionados com o surgimento da injúria crônica e, consequentemente, com a redução da sobrevida do enxerto, destacam-se episódios de rejeição aguda, baixa compatibilidade HLA entre o doador e receptor, toxicidade dos imunossupressores, lesão de isquemia/reperfusão, hipertensão, entre outros. Diante do exposto, foi possível observar algumas interações nos mecanismos patológicos dos fatores de risco da ICE, onde existe uma espécie de reação em cadeia que leva ao acúmulo de diversas lesões renais e, finalmente, ao desenvolvimento da injúria crônica do enxerto.
The chronic allograft injury (CAI) is also known as chronic graft nephropathy (CAN) or chronic rejection and has several factors in its genesis. Factors associated with this condition can be divided into immunological and non-immunological and may arise at any time after the transplant. Since there have been no significant improvements in long-term survival rates of kidney graft and many renal transplant patients affected by the CAI are unaware of its causative factors, is important to have greater knowledge of the process as a whole. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify through a literature review the factors related to chronic allograft injury, its incidences on renal transplant patients and its possible origins. The research investigated all factors associated with chronic allograft injury discussed in other studies. Among the risk factors associated with the onset of chronic kidney injury and consequently with reduced graft survival, stand out episodes of acute rejection, low HLA compatibility between donor and receptor, toxicity of immunosuppressive agents, ischemia/reperfusion, hypertension, and others. This review article showed interactions in the pathological mechanisms of risk factors, which present a chain reaction that may lead to the accumulation of several kidney injuries and eventually to the development of chronic allograft injury.